Take home messages:
- Increasing the presence of trees in crop or grass systems can offer multiple benefits in terms of agricultural production.
- Agroforestry practices are simple to instigate and can make farmland production more stable in the long term.
- This approach offers a realistic option to reduce environmental impact, whilst increasing or maintaining current agricultural production levels.
The practice of agroforestry has been described as a ‘win-win’ approach to management, as it offers the opportunity for multifunctional land use, which can simultaneously benefit food and fuel production, environmental and biodiversity protection, and allow farms to adapt to or mitigate the effects of climate change. It may sound like a system which would require a major shift in management style to adopt, but in reality it only requires an increase in the presence of in-field trees, both singularly or as part of a structure such as a shelter belt or buffer strip.
Agroforestry is a general term incorporating three specific agricultural approaches: silvoarable (trees and crops), silvopastoral (trees and livestock) and agro-silvopastoral (trees with crops and livestock). Certain styles of agroforestry were once common in UK agriculture, such as orchard or fruit production systems, which also support livestock grazing, and as such can deliver dual production. No official definition of minimum tree cover exists beyond which a system is considered as agroforestry, therefore any farming landscape that aims to incorporate trees or woody vegetation could be considered to fall under this heading. For Wales, the current Glastir Woodland Creation scheme will sponsor agroforestry creation on permanent pasture as long as tree-planting densities are 80 (scattered) trees per hectare, which gives some idea of scale.
Typically, agroforestry is associated with farm businesses in developing countries, particularly those in more arid, dry regions. However, there are also opportunities for farmers in temperate systems, such as here in the UK, to capitalise on this management approach.
Current predictions of environmental change indicate that farming practices in the UK are going to have to change, both to adapt to the expected shifts in climate, but also to refine practices to reduce potential environmental impact from modern agricultural approaches. Agroforestry may offer an alternative management system, which meets the requirements for reduced environmental impact, whilst improving the potential for farm business productivity.
Benefits of multi-use systems
The benefits of this approach are varied: more favourable microclimates, enhanced biodiversity, reduced
wind velocity, improved soil fertility, diversification of production, increased resource-use efficiency, reduced nutrient runoff, and decreased levels of soil erosion.
In terms of livestock production, the presence of trees and shelterbelts offers shade and shelter for livestock, which can reduce the energy requirement for keeping cool or keeping warm, which in turn reduces feed input costs and increases feed conversion rates and weight gain. Reducing the effects of wind chill (and thus hypothermia) can also increase lamb survival rates, particularly in the early stages after birth. The presence of trees also increases the rate of water infiltration to soil, which can reduce standing water and consequently incidence of lameness and liver fluke in livestock.
can forage on material with beneficial properties. One example of this is willow, which has anti-helminthic properties. The degree of benefit that this may offer however requires further research to ascertain.
Monogastric animals, such as pigs and chickens, also benefit from tree presence. This is due in part to the fact that these species are descended from forest dwelling creatures, such as wild boar in the case of domestic pigs. The presence of trees encourages positive behavioural traits in these species, reducing negative social interactions, such as inter-animal aggression.
In terms of land management, the use of tree planting alongside waterways can reduce the impact of diffuse pollution and soil erosion from farmland, limiting environmental impact and economic loss. This approach can also help to stabilise riverbanks. In-field buffer strips can intercept nutrients, which are being leached away from crop available zones and will recycle these back to crop available areas by returning them as leaf litter. This influence can be valuable; leaf litter alone has been suggested to contribute an additional 7 Kg of nitrogen per hectare per year.
Effects on grass production
By virtue of sharing the same space, some competition for resources such as light and nutrients will occur between trees and grass or other crops. However, the associated benefits can outweigh this problem as agroforestry systems have comparable or larger productivity potentials than typical (treeless) systems, as a result of gains from intercropping and directly increased growth.
The high crop productivity rates associated with agroforestry are the result of complementarity between species. For instance, competition is limited because different species target resources from different parts of the ecosystem; i.e. tree roots are larger and go deeper than crop roots, and therefore target nutrients and water from sources that are unavailable to crop species. These resources are then recycled back to other components of the system via leaf fall or fine root turnover. Furthermore, the additional opportunities for refuge and forage that tree presence offers can also result in greater numbers of predatory species, such as hover flies, which can reduce or regulate the number of crop pests. A fact which will become increasingly important in the future as warmer conditions are expected to result in larger populations of pest species.
One of the principal benefits of the incorporation of trees into grassland or crop systems, is the reduction in wind speed. Wind action can reduce growth in plants through temperature reduction, physical damage, or through desiccation, and can damage and erode soil. The creation of microclimates in the leeward side of shelterbelts is particularly favourable for plant growth, as the additional air and soil temperature can extend the growing season resulting in gains for growth and productivity. During hotter periods, the presence of trees and the effect of shade may act to reduce water loss from soil by limiting evapotranspiration rates from plants.
This effect must be balanced against the potential for increased competition for light. Tree density has a strong influence on productivity potential within agroforestry systems, through reduced yield from excessive shading. However, at moderate tree densities, the reduction of available light will not necessarily reduce the potential for growth, as plants will compensate for this added stress by altering their morphology and biochemistry. Studies considering this effect have demonstrated increased chlorophyll production per leaf, the development of fewer but larger leaves, and longer stems, petioles, and internodes; plant physical characteristics which would be considered favourable in terms of growth. Tree planting densities should therefore not exceed 200 stems per hectare for maximum benefit.
Agroforestry to combat climate change
Adopting agroforestry practices can moderate the effects of climate change by reducing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, by sequestering carbon in woody plant tissue via photosynthesis, and in surrounding soils, which are typically higher in carbon than soils under conventional cropping regimes. Agroforestry can also allow farms to adapt to future shifts in climate by supporting various production and ecological ecosystem services, which increase farmland resilience to climate change. These include the production factors mentioned above, such as greater resilience to weather extremes, but also through diversifying crop options: in other words, if a crop fails due to unexpected climatic conditions, farmers still have a tree crop to fall back on, which provides greater economic stability.
The timer or fuel products produced may also foster greater environmental sustainability. The production of energy from biomass growth is a carbon neutral approach to energy generation. Developing systems such as short rotation coppice can be an effective way to satisfy the need for energy production, in a cost effective and sustainable way.
Summary
The principles of agroforestry offer a realistic scenario for a more integrated approach to future farm management, which can maintain or improve production potential, whilst also safeguarding farms against potential future environmental and climate change.
This system can offer multiple benefits in terms of production but requires only minimal input to instigate change. In addition, once the trees are planted, the benefits associated with this approach will continue to grow year on year. Thus, this style of management offers a long-term strategy to future proof Welsh and UK farms to coming climatic change.